GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS
Acronyms |
ADC – Adverse Childhood Experiences
ADHD – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome APA – American Psychiatric Association APD – Antisocial Personality Disorder BAME – Black, Asian And Minority Ethnic BDI – Beck Depression Inventory BPD – Borderline Personality Disorder CBT – Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy CIT – Crisis Intervention Team DIS – Diagnostic Interview Schedule DSM-V – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 5th Edition e.g. – Exempli gratia (for example) FFT – Functional Family Therapy GAD – Generalised Anxiety Disorder HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus i.e. – Id est (that is) IASP – International Association for Suicide Prevention ICRC – International Committee of the Red Cross ICT – Integrated Co-Occurring Treatment LGBTQ+ – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, Intersex, And Asexual People |
LSI-R – Level of Service Inventory–Revised
m-ADM – Maintaining Antidepressant Medication MBCT – Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy MST – Multisystemic Therapy MTFC – Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care NGO – Non-Governmental Organisation NHS – National Health Service NMHA – National Mental Health Association PIPS – Integrated Programme for Suicide Prevention PPD – Paranoid Personality Disorders PPO – Prisons and Probation Ombudsman PTSD – Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PRI – Penal Reform International SCAN – Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry SAD – Social Anxiety Disorder STD – Sexually Transmitted Diseases SUD – Substance Use Disorders UK – United Kingdom UN – United Nations UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USA – United States of America WHO – World Health Organisation |
A |
Abuse – “Mistreatment or neglect of an older person(s) through the intentional or unintentional behaviour of another person(s). Abuse may be collectively perpetrated or politically motivated. This abuse may be physical, psychological, sexual, financial and/or systemic. One type of abuse is usually accompanied by other types”. [1]
Access – “The ability of an individual or a defined population to obtain or receive appropriate health care. This involves the availability of programmes, services, facilities and records. Access can be influenced by such factors as finances (insufficient monetary resources); geography (distance to providers); education (lack of knowledge of services available); appropriateness and acceptability of service to individuals and the population; and sociological factors (discrimination, language or cultural barriers)”. [1]
Active ageing – “The process of optimising opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age”. [1]
Acute healthcare – “Care that is generally provided for a short period of time to treat a new illness or a flare-up of an existing condition. This type of care may include treatment at home, short-term hospital stays, professional care, surgery, X-rays and scans, as well as emergency medical services”. [1]
Addiction – “A condition in which the body requires a drug in order to function without physical and psychological reactions to its absence. Addiction is often the outcome of tolerance and dependence and in severe cases may lead to some forms of abuse. There are different types of addiction. People can be, for instance, addicted to alcohol, smoking, drugs, sex, work, games, gambling, shopping, TV and internet”. [2]
Advance care planning – “Planning in advance for decisions that may have to be made prior to incapability or at the end of life. People may choose to do this planning formally, by means of advance directives, or informally, through discussions with family members, friends and health care and social service providers, or a combination of both methods.” [1]
After-care – “Care provided to individuals after their release from institutional care”. [1]
Age discrimination – “Unfair or unequal treatment of people on the grounds of age.” [1]
Aged care assessment team – “Multidisciplinary team of health professionals that is responsible for comprehensive assessments of the needs of older persons, including their suitability for hospital, home or institutional care”. [1]
Agender – “Agender people, also called genderless, genderfree, non-gendered, or ungendered people are those who identify as having no gender or being without any gender identity. This category includes a very broad range of identities which do not conform to traditional gender norms”. [3]
Aging – “The lifelong process of growing older at cellular, organ or whole-body level throughout the life span”. [1]
Aging in place – “Meeting the desire and ability of people, through the provision of appropriate services and assistance, to remain living relatively independently in the community in his or her current home or an appropriate level of housing. Ageing in place is designed to prevent or delay more traumatic moves to a dependent facility, such as a nursing home.” [1]
Ageism – “The negative stereotyping or discrimination of people on the basis of age.” [1]
Agent (of disease) – “A factor, such as a micro-organism, chemical substance, form of radiation, or excessive cold or heat, which is essential for the occurrence of a disease. A disease may be caused by more than one agent acting together or, in the case of deficiency diseases, by the absence of an agent”. [1]
Ally – “An Ally is a person who considers themselves a friend to the LGBTQ+ community”. [3]
Alternative and complementary healthcare/medicine/therapies – “Health care practices that are not currently an integral part of conventional medicine. The list of these practices changes over time as the practices and therapies are proven safe and effective and become accepted as mainstream health care practices. These unorthodox approaches to health care are not based on biomedical explanations for their effectiveness. Examples include homeopathy, herbal formulas, and use of other natural products as preventive and treatment agents”. [1]
Anxiety – “A mental state and intense emotional response characterised by a feeling of preoccupation and fear, more or less intense and enduring. It can be connected to a specific stimulus that can be either internal or external”. [2]
Anxiety disorders – “The class of mental disorders containing any disorder in which anxiety is the primary feature. These disorders are also marked by physiological arousal, strong feelings of tension, and intense apprehension and excessive worry without apparent reason. These symptoms can cause avoidance of everyday activities and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning”. [2]
Asexual – “Asexuality (or nonsexuality) is the lack of sexual attraction to anyone, or low or absent interest in sexual activity. It may be considered the lack of a sexual orientation, or one of the variations thereof, alongside heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality”. [3]
Assertiveness – “It consists in the ability to express personal emotions and opinions in a clear and efficient fashion, without offending or tackling the interlocutor”. [2]
Assessment (Mental health or psychiatric) – “A professional review of the client’s needs. An assessment is done when services are first sought from an individual and always before starting any type of treatment. The assessment normally identifies strengths and weaknesses of the individual. After the assessment is carried out, the client and the professional decide what kind of treatment and supports, if any, are needed”. [2]
Autonomy – “The perceived ability to control, cope with and make personal decisions about how one lives on a daily basis, according to one’s own rules and preferences”. [1]
Access – “The ability of an individual or a defined population to obtain or receive appropriate health care. This involves the availability of programmes, services, facilities and records. Access can be influenced by such factors as finances (insufficient monetary resources); geography (distance to providers); education (lack of knowledge of services available); appropriateness and acceptability of service to individuals and the population; and sociological factors (discrimination, language or cultural barriers)”. [1]
Active ageing – “The process of optimising opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age”. [1]
Acute healthcare – “Care that is generally provided for a short period of time to treat a new illness or a flare-up of an existing condition. This type of care may include treatment at home, short-term hospital stays, professional care, surgery, X-rays and scans, as well as emergency medical services”. [1]
Addiction – “A condition in which the body requires a drug in order to function without physical and psychological reactions to its absence. Addiction is often the outcome of tolerance and dependence and in severe cases may lead to some forms of abuse. There are different types of addiction. People can be, for instance, addicted to alcohol, smoking, drugs, sex, work, games, gambling, shopping, TV and internet”. [2]
Advance care planning – “Planning in advance for decisions that may have to be made prior to incapability or at the end of life. People may choose to do this planning formally, by means of advance directives, or informally, through discussions with family members, friends and health care and social service providers, or a combination of both methods.” [1]
After-care – “Care provided to individuals after their release from institutional care”. [1]
Age discrimination – “Unfair or unequal treatment of people on the grounds of age.” [1]
Aged care assessment team – “Multidisciplinary team of health professionals that is responsible for comprehensive assessments of the needs of older persons, including their suitability for hospital, home or institutional care”. [1]
Agender – “Agender people, also called genderless, genderfree, non-gendered, or ungendered people are those who identify as having no gender or being without any gender identity. This category includes a very broad range of identities which do not conform to traditional gender norms”. [3]
Aging – “The lifelong process of growing older at cellular, organ or whole-body level throughout the life span”. [1]
Aging in place – “Meeting the desire and ability of people, through the provision of appropriate services and assistance, to remain living relatively independently in the community in his or her current home or an appropriate level of housing. Ageing in place is designed to prevent or delay more traumatic moves to a dependent facility, such as a nursing home.” [1]
Ageism – “The negative stereotyping or discrimination of people on the basis of age.” [1]
Agent (of disease) – “A factor, such as a micro-organism, chemical substance, form of radiation, or excessive cold or heat, which is essential for the occurrence of a disease. A disease may be caused by more than one agent acting together or, in the case of deficiency diseases, by the absence of an agent”. [1]
Ally – “An Ally is a person who considers themselves a friend to the LGBTQ+ community”. [3]
Alternative and complementary healthcare/medicine/therapies – “Health care practices that are not currently an integral part of conventional medicine. The list of these practices changes over time as the practices and therapies are proven safe and effective and become accepted as mainstream health care practices. These unorthodox approaches to health care are not based on biomedical explanations for their effectiveness. Examples include homeopathy, herbal formulas, and use of other natural products as preventive and treatment agents”. [1]
Anxiety – “A mental state and intense emotional response characterised by a feeling of preoccupation and fear, more or less intense and enduring. It can be connected to a specific stimulus that can be either internal or external”. [2]
Anxiety disorders – “The class of mental disorders containing any disorder in which anxiety is the primary feature. These disorders are also marked by physiological arousal, strong feelings of tension, and intense apprehension and excessive worry without apparent reason. These symptoms can cause avoidance of everyday activities and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning”. [2]
Asexual – “Asexuality (or nonsexuality) is the lack of sexual attraction to anyone, or low or absent interest in sexual activity. It may be considered the lack of a sexual orientation, or one of the variations thereof, alongside heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality”. [3]
Assertiveness – “It consists in the ability to express personal emotions and opinions in a clear and efficient fashion, without offending or tackling the interlocutor”. [2]
Assessment (Mental health or psychiatric) – “A professional review of the client’s needs. An assessment is done when services are first sought from an individual and always before starting any type of treatment. The assessment normally identifies strengths and weaknesses of the individual. After the assessment is carried out, the client and the professional decide what kind of treatment and supports, if any, are needed”. [2]
Autonomy – “The perceived ability to control, cope with and make personal decisions about how one lives on a daily basis, according to one’s own rules and preferences”. [1]
B |
Bigender – “Bigender is a gender identity where the person moves between feminine and masculine gender identities and behaviours, possibly depending on context. Some bigender individuals express two distinct “female” and “male” personas, feminine and masculine respectively; others find that they identify as two genders simultaneously”. [3]
Bisexual – “Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior toward both males and females, or romantic or sexual attraction to people of any sex or gender identity; this latter aspect is sometimes termed pansexuality”. [3]
Bloodborne diseases – Are diseases that can be transmitted through contamination by blood or other body fluids. The most common examples are HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. [4]
Bloodborne agents – “[A]re those that are present in human blood and that can cause a disease in other humans who are exposed to blood or blood products”. [5]
Burden (of disease) – “The total significance of disease for society beyond the immediate cost of treatment. It measures years of life lost to ill-health as the difference between total life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy”. [1]
Bisexual – “Bisexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior toward both males and females, or romantic or sexual attraction to people of any sex or gender identity; this latter aspect is sometimes termed pansexuality”. [3]
Bloodborne diseases – Are diseases that can be transmitted through contamination by blood or other body fluids. The most common examples are HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. [4]
Bloodborne agents – “[A]re those that are present in human blood and that can cause a disease in other humans who are exposed to blood or blood products”. [5]
Burden (of disease) – “The total significance of disease for society beyond the immediate cost of treatment. It measures years of life lost to ill-health as the difference between total life expectancy and disability-adjusted life expectancy”. [1]
C |
Care – “The application of knowledge to the benefit of a community or individual”. [1]
Care chain – “A well planned entity of inter- and intra-organizational care processes to solve the complexity of problems of an individual, and accompanied by systematic follow-up actions. Care chains are integrated to the extent that there are no gaps, barriers or breaks in the process leaving the older person without proper care”. [1]
Care-dependent – “Persons with chronic illnesses and/or impairments which lead to long-lasting disabilities in functioning and reliance on care (personal care, domestic life, mobility, self-direction)”. [1]
Care need – “Some state of deficiency decreasing quality of life and affecting a demand for certain goods and services. For the older population, lowered functional and mental abilities are decisive factors that lead to the need for external help”. [1]
Care plan – “A dynamic document based on an assessment which outlines the types and frequency of care services that a client receives. It may include strategies, interventions, continued evaluation and actions intended to help an older person to achieve or maintain goals”. [1]
Care programme – “A documented arrangement of integrated care, based on the analysed needs of a specific group of people, from intake to supply of care and services, as well as the intended outcomes, and including a description of the way the arrangement should be applied in order to match the needs of individual persons”. [1]
Caregiver – “A person who provides support and assistance, formal or informal, with various activities to persons with disabilities or long-term conditions, or persons who are elderly. This person may provide emotional or financial support, as well as hands-on help with different tasks. Caregiving may also be done from long distance”. [1]
Caregiver burden – “The emotional, physical and financial demands and responsibilities of an individual’s illness that are placed on family members, friends or other individuals involved with the individual outside the health care system”. [1]
Case conference – “A meeting of all professionals (often including carers) interested in an individual’s care”. [1]
Case management – “A continuous process of planning, arranging and coordinating multiple health care services across time, place and discipline for persons with high-risk conditions or complex needs in order to ensure appropriate care and optimum quality, as well as to contain costs”. [1]
Case severity – “A measure of intensity or gravity of a given condition or diagnosis for an older person”. [1]
Cause of death – “For the purpose of national mortality statistics, every death is attributed to one underlying condition, based on information reported on the death certificate and using the international rules for selecting the underlying cause of death from the reported conditions”. [1]
Chronic care – “The ongoing provision of medical, functional, psychological, social, environmental and spiritual care services that enable people with serious and persistent health and/or mental conditions to optimise their functional independence and well-being, from the time of condition onset until problem resolution or death. Chronic care conditions are multidimensional, interdependent, complex and ongoing”. [1]
Chronic condition/disease – “A disease which has one or more of the following characteristics: is permanent; leaves residual disability; is caused by non-reversible pathological alternation; requires special training of the patient for rehabilitation; or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation or care”. [1]
Clinical care – “Professional specialised or therapeutic care that requires ongoing assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation by health care professionals”. [1]
Clinical condition – “A diagnosis (e.g. myocardial infarct) or a patient state that may be associated with more than one diagnosis (such as paraplegia) or that may be as yet undiagnosed (such as low back pain)”. [1]
Clinical observation – “Clinical information, excluding information about treatment and intervention. Clinical information that does not record an intervention is by nature a clinical observation. The observer may be the patient or related person (information about symptoms, family history, occupation or lifestyle) or a health care professional (information about physical signs, measurements, properties observed or diagnoses). While information about the nature of a planned or performed treatment is excluded by the definition, clinical observations may be recorded on the results of a treatment, on progress during the course of a treatment, or on the result of a treatment”. [1]
Code of conduct – “A formal statement of desirable behaviour that research workers or practitioners are expected to honour. There may be penalties for violation”. [1]
Communicable diseases – “Communicable, or infectious diseases, are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Some are transmitted through bites from insects while others are caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. A variety of disease-producing bacteria and viruses are carried in the mouth, nose, throat and respiratory tract. Conditions such as leprosy, tuberculosis (TB) and different strains of influenza (flu) can be spread by coughing, sneezing, and saliva or mucus on unwashed hands”. [6]
Community care – “Services and support to help people with care needs to live as independently as possible in their communities”. [1]
Community health – “The combination of sciences, skills and beliefs directed towards the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through collective or social actions. The programmes, services and institutions involved emphasise the prevention of disease and the health needs of the population as a whole. Community health activities change with changing technology and social values, but the goals remain the same”. [1]
Community healthcare – “Includes health services and integrates social care. It promotes self-care, independence and family support networks”. [1]
Comprehensive healthcare – “Provision of a complete range of health services, from diagnosis to rehabilitation”. [1]
Continuity of care – “The provision of barrier-free access to the necessary range of health care services over any given period of time, with the level of care varying according to individual needs”. [1]
Correctional officer – “an officer of a jail or prison, especially a guard.” [7]
Care chain – “A well planned entity of inter- and intra-organizational care processes to solve the complexity of problems of an individual, and accompanied by systematic follow-up actions. Care chains are integrated to the extent that there are no gaps, barriers or breaks in the process leaving the older person without proper care”. [1]
Care-dependent – “Persons with chronic illnesses and/or impairments which lead to long-lasting disabilities in functioning and reliance on care (personal care, domestic life, mobility, self-direction)”. [1]
Care need – “Some state of deficiency decreasing quality of life and affecting a demand for certain goods and services. For the older population, lowered functional and mental abilities are decisive factors that lead to the need for external help”. [1]
Care plan – “A dynamic document based on an assessment which outlines the types and frequency of care services that a client receives. It may include strategies, interventions, continued evaluation and actions intended to help an older person to achieve or maintain goals”. [1]
Care programme – “A documented arrangement of integrated care, based on the analysed needs of a specific group of people, from intake to supply of care and services, as well as the intended outcomes, and including a description of the way the arrangement should be applied in order to match the needs of individual persons”. [1]
Caregiver – “A person who provides support and assistance, formal or informal, with various activities to persons with disabilities or long-term conditions, or persons who are elderly. This person may provide emotional or financial support, as well as hands-on help with different tasks. Caregiving may also be done from long distance”. [1]
Caregiver burden – “The emotional, physical and financial demands and responsibilities of an individual’s illness that are placed on family members, friends or other individuals involved with the individual outside the health care system”. [1]
Case conference – “A meeting of all professionals (often including carers) interested in an individual’s care”. [1]
Case management – “A continuous process of planning, arranging and coordinating multiple health care services across time, place and discipline for persons with high-risk conditions or complex needs in order to ensure appropriate care and optimum quality, as well as to contain costs”. [1]
Case severity – “A measure of intensity or gravity of a given condition or diagnosis for an older person”. [1]
Cause of death – “For the purpose of national mortality statistics, every death is attributed to one underlying condition, based on information reported on the death certificate and using the international rules for selecting the underlying cause of death from the reported conditions”. [1]
Chronic care – “The ongoing provision of medical, functional, psychological, social, environmental and spiritual care services that enable people with serious and persistent health and/or mental conditions to optimise their functional independence and well-being, from the time of condition onset until problem resolution or death. Chronic care conditions are multidimensional, interdependent, complex and ongoing”. [1]
Chronic condition/disease – “A disease which has one or more of the following characteristics: is permanent; leaves residual disability; is caused by non-reversible pathological alternation; requires special training of the patient for rehabilitation; or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation or care”. [1]
Clinical care – “Professional specialised or therapeutic care that requires ongoing assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation by health care professionals”. [1]
Clinical condition – “A diagnosis (e.g. myocardial infarct) or a patient state that may be associated with more than one diagnosis (such as paraplegia) or that may be as yet undiagnosed (such as low back pain)”. [1]
Clinical observation – “Clinical information, excluding information about treatment and intervention. Clinical information that does not record an intervention is by nature a clinical observation. The observer may be the patient or related person (information about symptoms, family history, occupation or lifestyle) or a health care professional (information about physical signs, measurements, properties observed or diagnoses). While information about the nature of a planned or performed treatment is excluded by the definition, clinical observations may be recorded on the results of a treatment, on progress during the course of a treatment, or on the result of a treatment”. [1]
Code of conduct – “A formal statement of desirable behaviour that research workers or practitioners are expected to honour. There may be penalties for violation”. [1]
Communicable diseases – “Communicable, or infectious diseases, are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Some are transmitted through bites from insects while others are caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. A variety of disease-producing bacteria and viruses are carried in the mouth, nose, throat and respiratory tract. Conditions such as leprosy, tuberculosis (TB) and different strains of influenza (flu) can be spread by coughing, sneezing, and saliva or mucus on unwashed hands”. [6]
Community care – “Services and support to help people with care needs to live as independently as possible in their communities”. [1]
Community health – “The combination of sciences, skills and beliefs directed towards the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through collective or social actions. The programmes, services and institutions involved emphasise the prevention of disease and the health needs of the population as a whole. Community health activities change with changing technology and social values, but the goals remain the same”. [1]
Community healthcare – “Includes health services and integrates social care. It promotes self-care, independence and family support networks”. [1]
Comprehensive healthcare – “Provision of a complete range of health services, from diagnosis to rehabilitation”. [1]
Continuity of care – “The provision of barrier-free access to the necessary range of health care services over any given period of time, with the level of care varying according to individual needs”. [1]
Correctional officer – “an officer of a jail or prison, especially a guard.” [7]
D |
Dependence syndrome – It consists on “a cluster of behavioural, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state”. [7]
Dependency – “Reliance on others to provide physical, mental and/or social support”. [1]
Depression – “Depression is characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, tiredness, and poor concentration. People with depression may also have multiple physical complaints with no apparent physical cause. Depression can be long-lasting or recurrent, substantially impairing people’s ability to function at work or school and to cope with daily life. At its most severe, depression can lead to suicide.” [8]
Diagnosis – “The process of determining health status and the factors responsible for producing it. It may be applied to an individual, family, group or community. The term is applied both to the process of determination and to its findings”. [1]
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –
“The diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association. It codifies psychiatric conditions and is used worldwide as a guide for diagnosing disorders. The categories used in the DSM are accepted by most official organisations including hospitals, insurance companies and other institutions. Currently on the Fifth Edition (DSM-5). [2]
Dignity – “The right of individuals to be treated with respect as persons in their own right”. [1]
Direct patient care – “Any activities by a health professional involving direct interaction, treatment, administration of medications or other therapy or involvement with a patient”. [1]
Direct supervision - Using a combination of management and operational philosophy, design features and staff training, direct supervision places officers in constant and direct contact with the inmates, allowing them to get to know the inmates and recognize and respond to trouble before it escalates. Officers also become more responsible for the organization, supervision and control of the daily operation of a direct supervision housing unit, since they are directly within the housing unit. Direct supervision has been credited with reducing vandalism, enhancing inmate and officer safety, and creating a more positive, less stressful environment for inmates and officers. [9]
Disability – “Any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner, or within the range, considered to be normal for a human being. The term disability reflects the consequences of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity by the individual. Disabilities thus represent disturbances at the level of the person.”. [1]
Disability postponement – “Measures that can be initiated among those with a disease, usually a chronic disease, to lessen or delay the impact of disability from that disease (e.g., averting renal complications among those with diabetes)”. [1]
Disease – “A failure of the adaptive mechanisms of an organism to counteract adequately, normally or appropriately to stimuli and stresses to which the organism is subjected, resulting in a disturbance in the function or structure of some part of the organism. This definition emphasises that disease is multifactorial and may be prevented or treated by changing any or a combination of the factors. Disease is a very elusive and difficult concept to define, being largely socially defined. Thus, criminality and drug dependence are presently seen by some as diseases, when they were previously considered to be moral or legal problems”. [1]
Disease control – “All the measures designed to prevent or reduce as much as possible the incidence, prevalence and consequences of disease, such as the control of disease vectors, the removal or reduction of the influence of predisposing factors in the environment, immunization and curative care”. [1]
Disease management – “The process of identifying and delivering, within selected populations (e.g., people with asthma or diabetes), the most efficient, effective combination of resources, interventions or pharmaceuticals for the treatment or prevention of a disease. Disease management could include team-based care, where medical practitioners and/or other health professionals participate in the delivery and management of care. It also includes the appropriate use of pharmaceuticals.”. [1]
Distress – “A general term used to indicate damaging, excessive or pathogenic (disease producing) stress that impact a personal level of functioning. This means that it interferes with one’s activities of daily living. Sadness, anxiety, distraction, and symptoms of mental illness are manifestations of psychological distress. Life situations such as: bereavement, stress, lack of sleep, use of drugs or alcohol, assault, abuse or accident can induce mental distress”. [2]
Duty of care – “A legal requirement that a person act towards others and the public with the watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person would use in the circumstance. If a person’s actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligent, and any damages resulting may be claimed in a lawsuit for negligence”. [1]
Dynamic security – Working method by which basic grade prison staff are trained and encouraged to develop good personal relationships with inmates, to know and understand them as individuals, to provide sympathetic help with personal problems and to engage in meaningful dialogues with them. It offers the possibility of providing warning information before an incident takes place, allowing prison staff to take preventive action to hinder that incident from occurring (UNODC, 2015). [10]
Dependency – “Reliance on others to provide physical, mental and/or social support”. [1]
Depression – “Depression is characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, disturbed sleep or appetite, tiredness, and poor concentration. People with depression may also have multiple physical complaints with no apparent physical cause. Depression can be long-lasting or recurrent, substantially impairing people’s ability to function at work or school and to cope with daily life. At its most severe, depression can lead to suicide.” [8]
Diagnosis – “The process of determining health status and the factors responsible for producing it. It may be applied to an individual, family, group or community. The term is applied both to the process of determination and to its findings”. [1]
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –
“The diagnostic and statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association. It codifies psychiatric conditions and is used worldwide as a guide for diagnosing disorders. The categories used in the DSM are accepted by most official organisations including hospitals, insurance companies and other institutions. Currently on the Fifth Edition (DSM-5). [2]
Dignity – “The right of individuals to be treated with respect as persons in their own right”. [1]
Direct patient care – “Any activities by a health professional involving direct interaction, treatment, administration of medications or other therapy or involvement with a patient”. [1]
Direct supervision - Using a combination of management and operational philosophy, design features and staff training, direct supervision places officers in constant and direct contact with the inmates, allowing them to get to know the inmates and recognize and respond to trouble before it escalates. Officers also become more responsible for the organization, supervision and control of the daily operation of a direct supervision housing unit, since they are directly within the housing unit. Direct supervision has been credited with reducing vandalism, enhancing inmate and officer safety, and creating a more positive, less stressful environment for inmates and officers. [9]
Disability – “Any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner, or within the range, considered to be normal for a human being. The term disability reflects the consequences of impairment in terms of functional performance and activity by the individual. Disabilities thus represent disturbances at the level of the person.”. [1]
Disability postponement – “Measures that can be initiated among those with a disease, usually a chronic disease, to lessen or delay the impact of disability from that disease (e.g., averting renal complications among those with diabetes)”. [1]
Disease – “A failure of the adaptive mechanisms of an organism to counteract adequately, normally or appropriately to stimuli and stresses to which the organism is subjected, resulting in a disturbance in the function or structure of some part of the organism. This definition emphasises that disease is multifactorial and may be prevented or treated by changing any or a combination of the factors. Disease is a very elusive and difficult concept to define, being largely socially defined. Thus, criminality and drug dependence are presently seen by some as diseases, when they were previously considered to be moral or legal problems”. [1]
Disease control – “All the measures designed to prevent or reduce as much as possible the incidence, prevalence and consequences of disease, such as the control of disease vectors, the removal or reduction of the influence of predisposing factors in the environment, immunization and curative care”. [1]
Disease management – “The process of identifying and delivering, within selected populations (e.g., people with asthma or diabetes), the most efficient, effective combination of resources, interventions or pharmaceuticals for the treatment or prevention of a disease. Disease management could include team-based care, where medical practitioners and/or other health professionals participate in the delivery and management of care. It also includes the appropriate use of pharmaceuticals.”. [1]
Distress – “A general term used to indicate damaging, excessive or pathogenic (disease producing) stress that impact a personal level of functioning. This means that it interferes with one’s activities of daily living. Sadness, anxiety, distraction, and symptoms of mental illness are manifestations of psychological distress. Life situations such as: bereavement, stress, lack of sleep, use of drugs or alcohol, assault, abuse or accident can induce mental distress”. [2]
Duty of care – “A legal requirement that a person act towards others and the public with the watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person would use in the circumstance. If a person’s actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligent, and any damages resulting may be claimed in a lawsuit for negligence”. [1]
Dynamic security – Working method by which basic grade prison staff are trained and encouraged to develop good personal relationships with inmates, to know and understand them as individuals, to provide sympathetic help with personal problems and to engage in meaningful dialogues with them. It offers the possibility of providing warning information before an incident takes place, allowing prison staff to take preventive action to hinder that incident from occurring (UNODC, 2015). [10]
E |
Efficacy – “The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions”. [1]
Efficiency – “The extent to which the specific resources used to provide a specific intervention, procedure, regimen or service of known efficacy and effectiveness are minimised”. [1]
E-health – “An emerging field in the intersection of medical informatics, public health and business, referring to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the Internet and related technologies”. [1]
Emergency – “A sudden unexpected onset of illness or injury which requires immediate care”. [1]
Emergency condition – “A condition requiring immediate medical attention”. [1]
Epidemic – “A group of cases of a specific disease or illness clearly in excess of what one would normally expect in a particular geographic area. There is no absolute criterion for using the term epidemic; as standards and expectations change, so might the definition of an epidemic, e.g. an epidemic of violence”. [1]
Epidemiology – “The study of the various factors influencing the occurrence, distribution, prevention and control of disease, injury and other health-related events in a defined population. Epidemiology utilises biology, clinical medicine, and statistics in an effort to understand the etiology (causes) and course of illness and/or disease. The ultimate goal of the epidemiologist is, not merely to identify underlying causes of a disease, but to apply findings to disease prevention and health promotion”. [1]
Equality – “The principle by which all persons or things under consideration are treated in the same way”. [1]
Equity (of care) – “The description and measurement of the various health care services and encounters rendered in connection with an identified injury or period of illness”. [1]
Ethics (of care) – “The basic evaluative principles which (should) guide “good” care. Principles typically refer to respect for, and the dignity of, human beings. Basic dimensions are “autonomy” (respect for self-determination), “well-being” (respect for happiness, health and mental integrity) and “social justice” (justifiable distribution of scarce goods and services). More specifically, ethics of care refer to ethical standards developed for the care professions which are designed to implement ethical principles in the practice of care provision”. [1]
Etiology – “Causes or causality, usually applying to disease”. [1]
Evidence-based care – “The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individuals. This approach must balance the best external evidence with the desires of the individual and the clinical expertise of health care providers”. [1]
Efficiency – “The extent to which the specific resources used to provide a specific intervention, procedure, regimen or service of known efficacy and effectiveness are minimised”. [1]
E-health – “An emerging field in the intersection of medical informatics, public health and business, referring to health services and information delivered or enhanced through the Internet and related technologies”. [1]
Emergency – “A sudden unexpected onset of illness or injury which requires immediate care”. [1]
Emergency condition – “A condition requiring immediate medical attention”. [1]
Epidemic – “A group of cases of a specific disease or illness clearly in excess of what one would normally expect in a particular geographic area. There is no absolute criterion for using the term epidemic; as standards and expectations change, so might the definition of an epidemic, e.g. an epidemic of violence”. [1]
Epidemiology – “The study of the various factors influencing the occurrence, distribution, prevention and control of disease, injury and other health-related events in a defined population. Epidemiology utilises biology, clinical medicine, and statistics in an effort to understand the etiology (causes) and course of illness and/or disease. The ultimate goal of the epidemiologist is, not merely to identify underlying causes of a disease, but to apply findings to disease prevention and health promotion”. [1]
Equality – “The principle by which all persons or things under consideration are treated in the same way”. [1]
Equity (of care) – “The description and measurement of the various health care services and encounters rendered in connection with an identified injury or period of illness”. [1]
Ethics (of care) – “The basic evaluative principles which (should) guide “good” care. Principles typically refer to respect for, and the dignity of, human beings. Basic dimensions are “autonomy” (respect for self-determination), “well-being” (respect for happiness, health and mental integrity) and “social justice” (justifiable distribution of scarce goods and services). More specifically, ethics of care refer to ethical standards developed for the care professions which are designed to implement ethical principles in the practice of care provision”. [1]
Etiology – “Causes or causality, usually applying to disease”. [1]
Evidence-based care – “The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individuals. This approach must balance the best external evidence with the desires of the individual and the clinical expertise of health care providers”. [1]
F |
Formal assistance – “Help provided to persons with one or more disability by organizations, or individuals representing organizations (whether profit-making or non-profit-making, government or private), or by other persons (excluding family, friends or neighbours as described in informal help) who provide assistance on a regular, paid basis and who are not associated with any organization”. [1]
Foster care – “Form of assisted housing, usually provided in private homes owned and occupied by individuals or families, offering a place of residence, meals, housekeeping services, minimum supervision, and personal care for a fee to nonfamily members who do not require supervision by skilled medical personnel”. [1]
Foster care – “Form of assisted housing, usually provided in private homes owned and occupied by individuals or families, offering a place of residence, meals, housekeeping services, minimum supervision, and personal care for a fee to nonfamily members who do not require supervision by skilled medical personnel”. [1]
G |
Gay – “Gay is a term that primarily refers to a homosexual person or the trait of being homosexual. Gay is often used to describe homosexual males but lesbians may also be referred to as gay”. [3]
Gender Queer – “Gender Queer is an umbrella term for gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine—identities which are thus outside of the gender binary and cisnormativity”. [3]
Gender Variant – “Gender variance, or gender nonconformity, is behaviour or gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine and feminine gender norms. People who exhibit gender variance may be called gender variant, gender non-conforming, gender diverse or gender atypical, and may be transgender, or otherwise variant in their gender expression. Some intersex people may also exhibit gender variance”. [3]
General practice – “A form of practice in which medical practitioners provide a wide range of primary health care services to people”. [1]
Generic drug substitution – “Generic drugs have been licensed as equivalent to brand name drugs. Generics are usually less expensive and they may be substituted by the dispenser”. [1]
Geriatric assessment – “Multidimensional, interdisciplinary, diagnostic process used to quantify an older individual’s medical, psychosocial and functional capabilities and problems, with the intention of arriving at a comprehensive plan for therapy and long-term follow-up”. [1]
Geriatric care – “Care of older persons that encompasses a wide range of treatments from intensive care to palliative care”. [1]
Geriatric medicine – “The branch of medicine specialising in the health and illnesses of old age and the appropriate care and services”. [1]
Gerontology – “The multidisciplinary study of all aspects of ageing, including health, biological, sociological, psychological, economic, behavioural and environmental factors”. [1]
Global health – It “refers to the transnational impacts of globalization upon health determinants and health problems which are the beyond the control of individual nations”. [11]
Guideline – “A direction or principle representing current or future rules of policy and clinical practice. Generally, a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. Guidelines are more specific and more detailed than guiding principles, on which they are based”. [1]
Guiding principle – “A general rule that can be used as a guide, for example, to develop and implement policies, to set up a managerial process or to organise primary health care in communities”. [1]
Gender Queer – “Gender Queer is an umbrella term for gender identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine—identities which are thus outside of the gender binary and cisnormativity”. [3]
Gender Variant – “Gender variance, or gender nonconformity, is behaviour or gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine and feminine gender norms. People who exhibit gender variance may be called gender variant, gender non-conforming, gender diverse or gender atypical, and may be transgender, or otherwise variant in their gender expression. Some intersex people may also exhibit gender variance”. [3]
General practice – “A form of practice in which medical practitioners provide a wide range of primary health care services to people”. [1]
Generic drug substitution – “Generic drugs have been licensed as equivalent to brand name drugs. Generics are usually less expensive and they may be substituted by the dispenser”. [1]
Geriatric assessment – “Multidimensional, interdisciplinary, diagnostic process used to quantify an older individual’s medical, psychosocial and functional capabilities and problems, with the intention of arriving at a comprehensive plan for therapy and long-term follow-up”. [1]
Geriatric care – “Care of older persons that encompasses a wide range of treatments from intensive care to palliative care”. [1]
Geriatric medicine – “The branch of medicine specialising in the health and illnesses of old age and the appropriate care and services”. [1]
Gerontology – “The multidisciplinary study of all aspects of ageing, including health, biological, sociological, psychological, economic, behavioural and environmental factors”. [1]
Global health – It “refers to the transnational impacts of globalization upon health determinants and health problems which are the beyond the control of individual nations”. [11]
Guideline – “A direction or principle representing current or future rules of policy and clinical practice. Generally, a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. Guidelines are more specific and more detailed than guiding principles, on which they are based”. [1]
Guiding principle – “A general rule that can be used as a guide, for example, to develop and implement policies, to set up a managerial process or to organise primary health care in communities”. [1]
H |
Hallucination – “Phenomenon that makes people perceive sounds, images and smells (that are only products of their mind) as real. The person may or may not have insight into the fact that he or she is having a hallucination”. [2]
Handicap – “A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex and social and cultural practice) for that individual. The term handicap thus reflects interaction with, and adaptation to, the individual’s surroundings”. [1]
Health – “The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health has many dimensions (anatomical, physiological and mental) and is largely culturally defined”. [1]
Health behaviour – “Any activity undertaken by an individual, regardless of actual or perceived health status, for the purpose of promoting, protecting or maintaining health, whether or not such behaviour is objectively effective towards that end”. [1]
Health education – “Constructed communication of knowledge to improve health literacy and improve skills in order to advance individual and community health”. [1]
Health policy – “A formal statement or procedure within an institution (notably government) which defines goals, priorities and the parameters for action in response to health needs, within the context of available resources”. [1]
Health programme – “An organised series of activities directed towards the attainment of defined health objectives and targets”. [1]
Health promotion – “Any combination of health education and related organizational, political and economic interventions designed to facilitate behavioural and environmental adaptations that will improve or protect health”. [1]
Health resources – “All the means available for the operation of the health system, including manpower, buildings, equipment, supplies, funds, knowledge and technology”. [1]
Health risk factor – “A chemical, psychological, physiological, social, environmental or genetic factor or conditions that predisposes an individual to the development of a disease or injury”. [1]
Health sector – “The sector consisting of organised public and private health services (including health promotion, disease prevention, diagnostic, treatment and care services), the policies and activities of health departments and ministries, health-related nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community groups, and professional associations”. [1]
Health service – “Service performed by health care professionals, or by others under their direction, for the purpose of promoting, maintaining or restoring health”. [1]
Health status – “The state of health of an individual, group or population. It may be measured by obtaining proxies, such as people's subjective assessments of their health; by one or more indicators of mortality and morbidity in the population, such as longevity; or by using the incidence or prevalence of major diseases (communicable, chronic or nutritional)”. [1]
Healthy aging – “An approach which recognises that growing older is a part of living; recognises the interdependence of generations; recognises that everyone has a responsibility to be fair in their demands on other generations; fosters a positive attitude throughout life to growing older; eliminates age as a reason to exclude any person from participating fully in community life; promotes a commitment to activities which enhance well-being and health, choice and independence, and quality of life for all ages; encourages communities to value and listen to older people and to cater for the diverse preferences, motivations, characteristics and circumstances of older persons in a variety of ways”. [1]
Healthcare – “Services provided to individuals or communities by health service providers for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or restoring health”. [1]
Healthcare facility/institution – “Any establishment that is engaged in direct patient care on site”. [1]
Healthcare team – “A group comprising a variety of professionals (medical practitioners, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, pharmacists, spiritual counsellors), as well as family members, who are involved in providing coordinated and comprehensive care”. [1]
Healthcare interdisciplinary team – “Consists of members who work together interdependently to develop goals and a common treatment plan, although they maintain distinct professional responsibilities and individual assignments. In contrast to multidisciplinary teams, leadership functions are shared”. [1]
Healthcare multidisciplinary team – “Consists of members of different disciplines, involved in the same task (assessing people, setting goals and making care recommendations) and working alongside each other, but functioning independently. Each member undertakes his or her own tasks without explicit regard to the interaction. These teams are traditionally led by the highest-ranking team member”. [1]
Healthcare transdisciplinary team – “In this team, each member becomes so familiar with the roles and responsibilities of the other members that tasks and functions become interchangeable to some extent. This type of team is difficult to operationalise”. [1]
Healthcare team – “A group comprising a variety of professionals (medical practitioners, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, pharmacists, spiritual counsellors), as well as family members, who are involved in providing coordinated and comprehensive care”. [1]
Hepatitis B – “Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer”. [12]
Hepatitis C – “Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus: the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness”. [13]
HIV/AIDS – “The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function. Infection with the virus results in progressive deterioration of the immune system, leading to "immune deficiency." The immune system is considered deficient when it can no longer fulfil its role of fighting infection and disease. Infections associated with severe immunodeficiency are known as “opportunistic infections”, because they take advantage of a weakened immune system. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a term which applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. It is defined by the occurrence of any of more than 20 opportunistic infections or HIV-related cancers”. [14]
Hospice care – “A cluster of comprehensive services that address the needs of dying persons and their families, including medical, spiritual, legal, financial and family support services”. [1]
Handicap – “A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a role that is normal (depending on age, sex and social and cultural practice) for that individual. The term handicap thus reflects interaction with, and adaptation to, the individual’s surroundings”. [1]
Health – “The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Health has many dimensions (anatomical, physiological and mental) and is largely culturally defined”. [1]
Health behaviour – “Any activity undertaken by an individual, regardless of actual or perceived health status, for the purpose of promoting, protecting or maintaining health, whether or not such behaviour is objectively effective towards that end”. [1]
Health education – “Constructed communication of knowledge to improve health literacy and improve skills in order to advance individual and community health”. [1]
Health policy – “A formal statement or procedure within an institution (notably government) which defines goals, priorities and the parameters for action in response to health needs, within the context of available resources”. [1]
Health programme – “An organised series of activities directed towards the attainment of defined health objectives and targets”. [1]
Health promotion – “Any combination of health education and related organizational, political and economic interventions designed to facilitate behavioural and environmental adaptations that will improve or protect health”. [1]
Health resources – “All the means available for the operation of the health system, including manpower, buildings, equipment, supplies, funds, knowledge and technology”. [1]
Health risk factor – “A chemical, psychological, physiological, social, environmental or genetic factor or conditions that predisposes an individual to the development of a disease or injury”. [1]
Health sector – “The sector consisting of organised public and private health services (including health promotion, disease prevention, diagnostic, treatment and care services), the policies and activities of health departments and ministries, health-related nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and community groups, and professional associations”. [1]
Health service – “Service performed by health care professionals, or by others under their direction, for the purpose of promoting, maintaining or restoring health”. [1]
Health status – “The state of health of an individual, group or population. It may be measured by obtaining proxies, such as people's subjective assessments of their health; by one or more indicators of mortality and morbidity in the population, such as longevity; or by using the incidence or prevalence of major diseases (communicable, chronic or nutritional)”. [1]
Healthy aging – “An approach which recognises that growing older is a part of living; recognises the interdependence of generations; recognises that everyone has a responsibility to be fair in their demands on other generations; fosters a positive attitude throughout life to growing older; eliminates age as a reason to exclude any person from participating fully in community life; promotes a commitment to activities which enhance well-being and health, choice and independence, and quality of life for all ages; encourages communities to value and listen to older people and to cater for the diverse preferences, motivations, characteristics and circumstances of older persons in a variety of ways”. [1]
Healthcare – “Services provided to individuals or communities by health service providers for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, monitoring or restoring health”. [1]
Healthcare facility/institution – “Any establishment that is engaged in direct patient care on site”. [1]
Healthcare team – “A group comprising a variety of professionals (medical practitioners, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, pharmacists, spiritual counsellors), as well as family members, who are involved in providing coordinated and comprehensive care”. [1]
Healthcare interdisciplinary team – “Consists of members who work together interdependently to develop goals and a common treatment plan, although they maintain distinct professional responsibilities and individual assignments. In contrast to multidisciplinary teams, leadership functions are shared”. [1]
Healthcare multidisciplinary team – “Consists of members of different disciplines, involved in the same task (assessing people, setting goals and making care recommendations) and working alongside each other, but functioning independently. Each member undertakes his or her own tasks without explicit regard to the interaction. These teams are traditionally led by the highest-ranking team member”. [1]
Healthcare transdisciplinary team – “In this team, each member becomes so familiar with the roles and responsibilities of the other members that tasks and functions become interchangeable to some extent. This type of team is difficult to operationalise”. [1]
Healthcare team – “A group comprising a variety of professionals (medical practitioners, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, pharmacists, spiritual counsellors), as well as family members, who are involved in providing coordinated and comprehensive care”. [1]
Hepatitis B – “Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer”. [12]
Hepatitis C – “Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus: the virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness”. [13]
HIV/AIDS – “The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function. Infection with the virus results in progressive deterioration of the immune system, leading to "immune deficiency." The immune system is considered deficient when it can no longer fulfil its role of fighting infection and disease. Infections associated with severe immunodeficiency are known as “opportunistic infections”, because they take advantage of a weakened immune system. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a term which applies to the most advanced stages of HIV infection. It is defined by the occurrence of any of more than 20 opportunistic infections or HIV-related cancers”. [14]
Hospice care – “A cluster of comprehensive services that address the needs of dying persons and their families, including medical, spiritual, legal, financial and family support services”. [1]
I |
Illness – “A disease which is characterised by a single or repeated episode of relatively rapid onset and short duration from which the patient usually returns to his/her normal or previous state or level of activity. An acute episode of a chronic disease (for example, an episode of diabetic coma in a patient with diabetes) is often treated as an acute disease”. [1]
Intermediate care – “Short period of intensive rehabilitation and treatment to enable people to return home following hospitalization or to prevent admission to hospital or residential care”. [1]
Impact – “The total, direct and indirect, effects of a programme, service or institution on health status and overall health and socioeconomic development”. [1]
Impairment – “Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function. It is concerned with abnormalities of body structure and appearance, organ or system resulting from any cause. In principle, impairments represent disturbances at the organ level”. [1]
Information management – “Decision processes oriented towards the creation or acquisition of information and knowledge, the design of information storage and flow, and the allocation and utilization of information in organizational work processes”. [1]
Informed consent – “A patient’s/client’s explicit agreement to the care and treatment to be provided, based on full information on his or her condition/diagnosis, the existing options for treatment and the possible beneficial and adverse effects of those options”. [1]
Institutional healthcare services – “Health services delivered on an inpatient basis in hospitals, nursing homes or other inpatient institutions. The term may also refer to services delivered on an outpatient basis by departments or other organizational units of such institutions, or sponsored by them”. [1]
Integrated care – “The methods and strategies for linking and coordinating the various aspects of care delivered by different care systems, such as the work of general practitioners, primary and specialty care, preventive and curative services, and acute and long-term care, as well as physical and mental health services and social care, to meet the multiple needs/problems of an individual client or category of persons with similar needs/problems”. [1]
Intensive care – “Advanced and highly specialised care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in a specially equipped unit of a health care facility. It can also be administered at home under certain circumstances (dialysis, respirators, etc.)”. [1]
Intersex – “Intersex is a variation in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not allow an individual to be distinctly identified as male or female”. [3]
Intervention – “An activity or set of activities aimed at modifying a process, course of action or sequence of events in order to change one or several of their characteristics, such as performance or expected outcome. For example, it is used in public health to describe a programme or policy designed to have an impact on an illness or disease”. [1]
Intermediate care – “Short period of intensive rehabilitation and treatment to enable people to return home following hospitalization or to prevent admission to hospital or residential care”. [1]
Impact – “The total, direct and indirect, effects of a programme, service or institution on health status and overall health and socioeconomic development”. [1]
Impairment – “Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function. It is concerned with abnormalities of body structure and appearance, organ or system resulting from any cause. In principle, impairments represent disturbances at the organ level”. [1]
Information management – “Decision processes oriented towards the creation or acquisition of information and knowledge, the design of information storage and flow, and the allocation and utilization of information in organizational work processes”. [1]
Informed consent – “A patient’s/client’s explicit agreement to the care and treatment to be provided, based on full information on his or her condition/diagnosis, the existing options for treatment and the possible beneficial and adverse effects of those options”. [1]
Institutional healthcare services – “Health services delivered on an inpatient basis in hospitals, nursing homes or other inpatient institutions. The term may also refer to services delivered on an outpatient basis by departments or other organizational units of such institutions, or sponsored by them”. [1]
Integrated care – “The methods and strategies for linking and coordinating the various aspects of care delivered by different care systems, such as the work of general practitioners, primary and specialty care, preventive and curative services, and acute and long-term care, as well as physical and mental health services and social care, to meet the multiple needs/problems of an individual client or category of persons with similar needs/problems”. [1]
Intensive care – “Advanced and highly specialised care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in a specially equipped unit of a health care facility. It can also be administered at home under certain circumstances (dialysis, respirators, etc.)”. [1]
Intersex – “Intersex is a variation in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not allow an individual to be distinctly identified as male or female”. [3]
Intervention – “An activity or set of activities aimed at modifying a process, course of action or sequence of events in order to change one or several of their characteristics, such as performance or expected outcome. For example, it is used in public health to describe a programme or policy designed to have an impact on an illness or disease”. [1]
J |
K |
Key worker – “A person with defined responsibility towards a specific service user, usually with responsibility for service provision and the monitoring of care. Usually the first point of contact for an individual”. [1]
L |
Lesbian – “A lesbian is a female homosexual: a female who experiences romantic love or sexual attraction to other females”. [3]
LGBTQ+ – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer or Questioning. “People often use LGBTQ+ to mean all of the communities included in the “LGBTTTQQIAA”: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Transsexual, 2/Two-Spirit, Queer, Questioning, Intersex, Asexual, Ally, + Pansexual, + Agender, + Gender Queer, + Bigender, + Gender Variant, + Pangender”. [3]
Life expectancy – “The average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age based on a given set of age-specific death rates, generally the mortality conditions existing in the period mentioned”. [1]
Life span – “The longest period over which the life of any plant or animal organism or species may extend, according to the available biological knowledge concerning it”. [1]
Life-sustaining treatment – “Drugs, medical devices, or procedures that can keep alive a person who would otherwise die within a foreseeable, though usually uncertain, time. Examples include cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, renal dialysis, nutritional support (i.e., tube or intravenous feeding) and provision of antibiotics to fight life-threatening infections”. [1]
Lifestyle – “The set of habits and customs that is influenced, modified, encouraged or constrained by the lifelong process of socialization. These habits and customs include the use of substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, tea or coffee; dietary habits; and exercise. They have important implications for health and are often the subject of epidemiological investigation”. [1]
Long-term care – “A range of health care, personal care and social services provided to individuals who, due to frailty or level of physical or intellectual disability, are no longer able to live independently. Services may be for varying periods of time and may be provided in a person’s home, in the community or in residential facilities (e.g. nursing homes or assisted living facilities). These people have relatively stable medical conditions and are unlikely to greatly improve their level of functioning through medical intervention”. [1]
LGBTQ+ – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer or Questioning. “People often use LGBTQ+ to mean all of the communities included in the “LGBTTTQQIAA”: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Transsexual, 2/Two-Spirit, Queer, Questioning, Intersex, Asexual, Ally, + Pansexual, + Agender, + Gender Queer, + Bigender, + Gender Variant, + Pangender”. [3]
Life expectancy – “The average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age based on a given set of age-specific death rates, generally the mortality conditions existing in the period mentioned”. [1]
Life span – “The longest period over which the life of any plant or animal organism or species may extend, according to the available biological knowledge concerning it”. [1]
Life-sustaining treatment – “Drugs, medical devices, or procedures that can keep alive a person who would otherwise die within a foreseeable, though usually uncertain, time. Examples include cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, renal dialysis, nutritional support (i.e., tube or intravenous feeding) and provision of antibiotics to fight life-threatening infections”. [1]
Lifestyle – “The set of habits and customs that is influenced, modified, encouraged or constrained by the lifelong process of socialization. These habits and customs include the use of substances, such as alcohol, tobacco, tea or coffee; dietary habits; and exercise. They have important implications for health and are often the subject of epidemiological investigation”. [1]
Long-term care – “A range of health care, personal care and social services provided to individuals who, due to frailty or level of physical or intellectual disability, are no longer able to live independently. Services may be for varying periods of time and may be provided in a person’s home, in the community or in residential facilities (e.g. nursing homes or assisted living facilities). These people have relatively stable medical conditions and are unlikely to greatly improve their level of functioning through medical intervention”. [1]
M |
Managed care – “A health care delivery system which entails interventions to control the price, volume, delivery site and intensity of health services provided, the goal of which is to maximise the value of health benefits and the coordination of health care management for a covered population”. [1]
Managed care plan – “A health plan that uses managed care arrangements and has a defined system of selected providers who contract with the plan. Those enrolled have a financial incentive to use participating providers who agree to furnish a broad range of services to them. Providers may be paid on a pre-negotiated basis”. [1]
Medical record – “A file kept for each patient, maintained by the hospital (medical practitioners also maintain medical records in their own practices), which documents the patient's problems, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome. Related documents, such as written consent for surgery and other procedures, are also included in the record. In addition to facts about a patient's illness, medical records nearly always contain other information such as clinical, demographic, sociocultural, sociological, economic, administrative and behavioural data. The record may be on paper or computerised”. [1]
Medication – “A drug or other type of medicine that is used for the prevention, alleviation or treatment of symptoms or disease. In mental health medication is often mentioned with reference to the prescription, administration, assessment of drug effectiveness and monitoring of side effects of psycho-tropic medications”. [2]
Mental disorders – “There are many different mental disorders, with different presentations. They are generally characterized by a combination of abnormal thoughts, perceptions, emotions, behaviour and relationships with others.” [8]
Mental health – “The absence of psychiatric disorders or traits. It can be influenced by biological, environmental, emotional and cultural factors. This term is highly variable in definition, depending on time and place”. [1]
Mental health services – “Comprehensive mental health services, as generally defined under some national (or state) laws and statutes, include: inpatient care, outpatient care, day care and other partial hospitalization and emergency services; specialised services for the mental health of the elderly; consultation and education services and specialised programmes for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol and drug abusers. They generally include a variety of services provided to people of all ages, including counselling, psychotherapy, psychiatric services, crisis intervention and support groups. Issues addressed include depression, grief, anxiety and stress, as well as severe mental illnesses”. [1]
Mental illness – “All forms of illness in which psychological, emotional or behavioural disturbances are the dominating feature. The term is relative and variable in different cultures, schools of thought and definitions. It includes a wide range of types and severities”. [1]
Mood – “A pervasive and sustained emotion that colours the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional “weather”, mood refers to a more pervasive and sustained emotional “climate”. [2]
Morbidity – “Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In this sense, sickness, illness and morbid conditions are similarly defined and synonymous”. [1]
Multidisciplinary assessment – “An assessment of people with health and social care needs by two or more professionals from different disciplines”. [1]
Managed care plan – “A health plan that uses managed care arrangements and has a defined system of selected providers who contract with the plan. Those enrolled have a financial incentive to use participating providers who agree to furnish a broad range of services to them. Providers may be paid on a pre-negotiated basis”. [1]
Medical record – “A file kept for each patient, maintained by the hospital (medical practitioners also maintain medical records in their own practices), which documents the patient's problems, diagnostic procedures, treatment and outcome. Related documents, such as written consent for surgery and other procedures, are also included in the record. In addition to facts about a patient's illness, medical records nearly always contain other information such as clinical, demographic, sociocultural, sociological, economic, administrative and behavioural data. The record may be on paper or computerised”. [1]
Medication – “A drug or other type of medicine that is used for the prevention, alleviation or treatment of symptoms or disease. In mental health medication is often mentioned with reference to the prescription, administration, assessment of drug effectiveness and monitoring of side effects of psycho-tropic medications”. [2]
Mental disorders – “There are many different mental disorders, with different presentations. They are generally characterized by a combination of abnormal thoughts, perceptions, emotions, behaviour and relationships with others.” [8]
Mental health – “The absence of psychiatric disorders or traits. It can be influenced by biological, environmental, emotional and cultural factors. This term is highly variable in definition, depending on time and place”. [1]
Mental health services – “Comprehensive mental health services, as generally defined under some national (or state) laws and statutes, include: inpatient care, outpatient care, day care and other partial hospitalization and emergency services; specialised services for the mental health of the elderly; consultation and education services and specialised programmes for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol and drug abusers. They generally include a variety of services provided to people of all ages, including counselling, psychotherapy, psychiatric services, crisis intervention and support groups. Issues addressed include depression, grief, anxiety and stress, as well as severe mental illnesses”. [1]
Mental illness – “All forms of illness in which psychological, emotional or behavioural disturbances are the dominating feature. The term is relative and variable in different cultures, schools of thought and definitions. It includes a wide range of types and severities”. [1]
Mood – “A pervasive and sustained emotion that colours the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety. In contrast to affect, which refers to more fluctuating changes in emotional “weather”, mood refers to a more pervasive and sustained emotional “climate”. [2]
Morbidity – “Any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being. In this sense, sickness, illness and morbid conditions are similarly defined and synonymous”. [1]
Multidisciplinary assessment – “An assessment of people with health and social care needs by two or more professionals from different disciplines”. [1]
N |
National plan of action – “A broad intersectoral master plan for attaining national health goals through implementation of a strategy. It indicates what has to be done, who has to do it, during what time-frame, and with what resources. It is a framework leading to more detailed programming, budgeting, implementation and evaluation. It specifies, in operational terms, the steps to be taken in accordance with the strategy, keeping in mind the various objectives and targets to be attained and the programmes for attaining them”. [1]
Needs assessment – “A systematic procedure for determining the nature and extent of health needs in a population, the causes and contributing factors to those needs and the human, organizational and community resources which are available to respond to these”. [11]
Non-communicable diseases – “Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors. The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes”. [14]
Nursing facility – “Licensed facility that provides skilled nursing care and rehabilitation services to functionally disabled, injured or sick individuals”. [1]
Nutrition – “The process of nourishing or being nourished, especially the process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues”. [1]
Needs assessment – “A systematic procedure for determining the nature and extent of health needs in a population, the causes and contributing factors to those needs and the human, organizational and community resources which are available to respond to these”. [11]
Non-communicable diseases – “Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors. The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes”. [14]
Nursing facility – “Licensed facility that provides skilled nursing care and rehabilitation services to functionally disabled, injured or sick individuals”. [1]
Nutrition – “The process of nourishing or being nourished, especially the process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and for replacement of tissues”. [1]
O |
Occupational health services – “Health services concerned with the physical, mental and social well-being of an individual in relation to his/her working environment and with the adjustment of individuals to their work. The term applies to more than the safety of the workplace and includes health and job satisfaction”. [1]
Occupational therapy – “Therapy designed to help individuals improve their independence in daily living activities through rehabilitation, exercises and the use of assistive devices. In addition, such therapy provides activities to promote growth, self-fulfilment and self-esteem”. [1]
Oral health – “It is a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing”. [16]
Outcome – “This term has many meanings depending on its applicability. Simply an outcome is a change in a situation resulting from an action. More specifically, in relation to health, an outcome is the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor; or the result of preventive, medical, surgical or therapeutic interventions or non-intervention. An outcome can also be viewed as the end result obtained from utilising the structure and processes of health care delivery. Outcomes are often viewed as the bottom-line measure of the effectiveness of the health care delivery system”. [1]
Outreach – “Activities associated with promoting services and programmes to persons who may be eligible for them but be unaware of them”. [1]
Occupational therapy – “Therapy designed to help individuals improve their independence in daily living activities through rehabilitation, exercises and the use of assistive devices. In addition, such therapy provides activities to promote growth, self-fulfilment and self-esteem”. [1]
Oral health – “It is a state of being free from mouth and facial pain, oral and throat cancer, oral infection and sores, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, and other diseases and disorders that limit an individual’s capacity in biting, chewing, smiling, speaking, and psychosocial wellbeing”. [16]
Outcome – “This term has many meanings depending on its applicability. Simply an outcome is a change in a situation resulting from an action. More specifically, in relation to health, an outcome is the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor; or the result of preventive, medical, surgical or therapeutic interventions or non-intervention. An outcome can also be viewed as the end result obtained from utilising the structure and processes of health care delivery. Outcomes are often viewed as the bottom-line measure of the effectiveness of the health care delivery system”. [1]
Outreach – “Activities associated with promoting services and programmes to persons who may be eligible for them but be unaware of them”. [1]
P |
Pangender – “Pangender people are those who feel they identify as all genders. The term has a great deal of overlap with gender queer. Because of its all-encompassing nature, presentation and pronoun usage varies between different people who identify as pangender”. [3]
Pansexual – “Pansexuality, or omnisexuality, is sexual attraction, romantic love, or emotional attraction toward people of any sex or gender identity. Pansexual people may refer to themselves as gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are insignificant or irrelevant in determining whether they will be sexually attracted to others”. [3]
Palliative care – “The active total care offered to a person and that person’s family when it is recognised that the illness is no longer curable, in order to concentrate on the person’s quality of life and the alleviation of distressing symptoms. The focus of palliative care is neither to hasten nor postpone death. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms and integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of care. It offers a support system to help relatives and friends cope during an individual’s illness and with their bereavement”. [1]
Patient-centred care – “An approach to care that consciously adopts a patient’s perspective. This perspective can be characterised around dimensions such as respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs; coordination and integration of care; information, communication and education; physical comfort, emotional support and alleviation of fear and anxiety; involvement of family and friends; or transition and continuity”. [1]
Peer Support – “Informal type of Group Therapy. It may be defined as the help and support that people with lived experience of a mental illness or a learning disability are able to give to one another. It is built on shared personal experience and empathy”. [2]
Personal care – “Assistance with those functions and activities normally associated with body hygiene, nutrition, elimination, rest and ambulation, which enables an individual to live at home or in the community”. [1]
Personality disorder – “Personality traits constitute a personality disorder when they are inflexible and maladaptive, cause subjective distress and seriously impair an individual’s ability to perceive, think and function in social or other settings”. [2]
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – “A severe anxiety disorder caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events (e.g., rapes, life-threatening events, severe injuries, and natural disasters). Someone with PTSD often re-experiences the traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks, and may experience feelings of isolation, irritability and guilt. They may also have problems sleeping, such as insomnia, and find concentrating difficult”. [2]
Practice guideline – “Descriptive tool or standardised specification for care of an older person in a typical situation developed through a formal process that incorporates the best scientific evidence of effectiveness with expert opinion”. [1]
Pre-existing condition – “A term normally used for a condition developed prior to applying for a health insurance policy. Some policies exclude coverage of such conditions for a period of time or indefinitely”. [1]
Prescription drugs – “All those medications requiring written notification from a doctor to a pharmacist before they can be dispensed”. [1]
Prevention – “This is aimed at promoting health, preserving health and restoring health when it is impaired and to minimise suffering and distress”. Please see primordial prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention”. [1]
Preventive care – “Care that has the aim of preventing disease or its consequences. It includes health care programmes aimed at warding off illnesses, early detection of disease, and inhibiting further deterioration of the body”. [1]
Preventive medicine – “The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of good health practices”. [1]
Primordial prevention – “Actions and measures that inhibit the emergence and establishment of environmental, economic, social and behavioural conditions, cultural patterns of living, etc., known to increase the risk of disease”. [1]
Primary prevention – “The protection of health by personal and community-wide effects. Primary prevention involves measures provided to individuals to prevent the onset of a targeted condition”. [1]
Primary care – “Basic or general health care focused on the point at which a patient ideally first seeks assistance from the medical care system. It is the basis for referrals to secondary and tertiary level care”. [1]
Prison overcrowding – Defined as the rate of prison occupation above 100% of capacity. It continues to be labelled the priority challenge for prison administrations around the globe. [17]
Problem solving – “Thinking that is directed toward solving specific problems and that moves from an initial state to a goal state by means of a set of mental operations”. [2]
Protocol – “Standards or practices developed to assist health care providers and older persons to make and effect decisions about particular steps in the treatment process”. [1]
Psychosis – “Mental health problem that causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them. This might involve hallucinations or delusions”. [2]
Public health – “The approach to health that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole. The three core public health functions are: the assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify health problems and priorities; the formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health problems and priorities; and ensuring that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, including health promotion and disease prevention services, and evaluation of the effectiveness of that care”. [1]
Pansexual – “Pansexuality, or omnisexuality, is sexual attraction, romantic love, or emotional attraction toward people of any sex or gender identity. Pansexual people may refer to themselves as gender-blind, asserting that gender and sex are insignificant or irrelevant in determining whether they will be sexually attracted to others”. [3]
Palliative care – “The active total care offered to a person and that person’s family when it is recognised that the illness is no longer curable, in order to concentrate on the person’s quality of life and the alleviation of distressing symptoms. The focus of palliative care is neither to hasten nor postpone death. It provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms and integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of care. It offers a support system to help relatives and friends cope during an individual’s illness and with their bereavement”. [1]
Patient-centred care – “An approach to care that consciously adopts a patient’s perspective. This perspective can be characterised around dimensions such as respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs; coordination and integration of care; information, communication and education; physical comfort, emotional support and alleviation of fear and anxiety; involvement of family and friends; or transition and continuity”. [1]
Peer Support – “Informal type of Group Therapy. It may be defined as the help and support that people with lived experience of a mental illness or a learning disability are able to give to one another. It is built on shared personal experience and empathy”. [2]
Personal care – “Assistance with those functions and activities normally associated with body hygiene, nutrition, elimination, rest and ambulation, which enables an individual to live at home or in the community”. [1]
Personality disorder – “Personality traits constitute a personality disorder when they are inflexible and maladaptive, cause subjective distress and seriously impair an individual’s ability to perceive, think and function in social or other settings”. [2]
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – “A severe anxiety disorder caused by very stressful, frightening or distressing events (e.g., rapes, life-threatening events, severe injuries, and natural disasters). Someone with PTSD often re-experiences the traumatic event through nightmares and flashbacks, and may experience feelings of isolation, irritability and guilt. They may also have problems sleeping, such as insomnia, and find concentrating difficult”. [2]
Practice guideline – “Descriptive tool or standardised specification for care of an older person in a typical situation developed through a formal process that incorporates the best scientific evidence of effectiveness with expert opinion”. [1]
Pre-existing condition – “A term normally used for a condition developed prior to applying for a health insurance policy. Some policies exclude coverage of such conditions for a period of time or indefinitely”. [1]
Prescription drugs – “All those medications requiring written notification from a doctor to a pharmacist before they can be dispensed”. [1]
Prevention – “This is aimed at promoting health, preserving health and restoring health when it is impaired and to minimise suffering and distress”. Please see primordial prevention, primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention”. [1]
Preventive care – “Care that has the aim of preventing disease or its consequences. It includes health care programmes aimed at warding off illnesses, early detection of disease, and inhibiting further deterioration of the body”. [1]
Preventive medicine – “The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention of disease and the maintenance of good health practices”. [1]
Primordial prevention – “Actions and measures that inhibit the emergence and establishment of environmental, economic, social and behavioural conditions, cultural patterns of living, etc., known to increase the risk of disease”. [1]
Primary prevention – “The protection of health by personal and community-wide effects. Primary prevention involves measures provided to individuals to prevent the onset of a targeted condition”. [1]
Primary care – “Basic or general health care focused on the point at which a patient ideally first seeks assistance from the medical care system. It is the basis for referrals to secondary and tertiary level care”. [1]
Prison overcrowding – Defined as the rate of prison occupation above 100% of capacity. It continues to be labelled the priority challenge for prison administrations around the globe. [17]
Problem solving – “Thinking that is directed toward solving specific problems and that moves from an initial state to a goal state by means of a set of mental operations”. [2]
Protocol – “Standards or practices developed to assist health care providers and older persons to make and effect decisions about particular steps in the treatment process”. [1]
Psychosis – “Mental health problem that causes people to perceive or interpret things differently from those around them. This might involve hallucinations or delusions”. [2]
Public health – “The approach to health that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole. The three core public health functions are: the assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify health problems and priorities; the formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health problems and priorities; and ensuring that all populations have access to appropriate and cost-effective care, including health promotion and disease prevention services, and evaluation of the effectiveness of that care”. [1]
Q |
Quality of life – “The product of the interplay between social, health, economic and environmental conditions which affect human and social development. It is a broad-ranging concept, incorporating a person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs and relationship to salient features in the environment. As people age, their quality of life is largely determined by their ability to access needed resources and maintain autonomy and independence”. [1]
Queer – “Queer is an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities that are not heterosexual or cisgender. Queer was originally used pejoratively against those with same-sex desires but, beginning in the late-1980s, queer scholars and activists began to reclaim the word”. [3]
Questioning – “The questioning of one’s gender, sexual identity, sexual orientation, or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure, still exploring, and concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons”. [3]
Queer – “Queer is an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities that are not heterosexual or cisgender. Queer was originally used pejoratively against those with same-sex desires but, beginning in the late-1980s, queer scholars and activists began to reclaim the word”. [3]
Questioning – “The questioning of one’s gender, sexual identity, sexual orientation, or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure, still exploring, and concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons”. [3]
R |
Rehabilitation – “A proactive and goal-oriented activity to restore function and/or to maximise remaining function to bring about the highest possible level of independence, physically, psychologically, socially and economically. It involves combined and coordinated use of medical, nursing and allied health skills, along with social, educational and vocational services, to provide individual assessment, treatment, regular review, discharge planning and follow-up. Rehabilitation is concerned, not only with physical recovery, but also with psychological and social recovery and reintegration (or integration) of the person into the community”. [1]
Relapse – “A return to a state of illness after a period of being healthy, “disease-free,” without symptoms, or in a state of remission. With regard to substance use, most experts consider any use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs after several weeks of not using (abstinence) to be a “relapse.” Some experts use the term “slip” to refer to when a person returns to substance use very briefly but then returns to abstinence”. [18]
Restorative care – “Services provided to older people on a short-term basis to restore their physical condition to a level which would allow them to return home with appropriate support”. [1]
Rumination – “Repetitive and negative form of thinking, mostly oriented towards the past”. [2]
Relapse – “A return to a state of illness after a period of being healthy, “disease-free,” without symptoms, or in a state of remission. With regard to substance use, most experts consider any use of alcohol, tobacco, or drugs after several weeks of not using (abstinence) to be a “relapse.” Some experts use the term “slip” to refer to when a person returns to substance use very briefly but then returns to abstinence”. [18]
Restorative care – “Services provided to older people on a short-term basis to restore their physical condition to a level which would allow them to return home with appropriate support”. [1]
Rumination – “Repetitive and negative form of thinking, mostly oriented towards the past”. [2]
S |
Screening – “The use of procedures and measures to identify and differentiate apparently well persons who have a disease or condition or a high risk thereof from those who probably do not have the disease or condition”. [1]
Secondary care – “Specialist care provided on an ambulatory or inpatient basis, usually following a referral from primary care”. [1]
Secondary prevention – “Measures that identify and treat asymptomatic persons who have already developed risk factors or preclinical disease, but in whom the condition is not clinically apparent. These activities are focused on early case finding of asymptomatic disease that occurs commonly and has significant risk for negative outcome without treatment”. [1]
Self-care – “Health activities, including promotion, maintenance, treatment, care and health related decision-making, carried out by individuals and families”. [1]
Self-esteem – “A generalised evaluative attitude toward the self, often of one’s own worth, that influences both moods and behaviour. Self-esteem impacts on personal and social behaviours. Many mental health problems are associated with low self-esteem and low confidence”. [2]
Senility – “The generalised characterization of progressive decline in mental or physical functioning as a condition of the ageing process. Within geriatric medicine, this term has limited meaning and has generally been replaced by more specific terminology”. [1]
Short-term aged care – “Involves care designed to improve the physical wellbeing and restore the health of older people to an optimum level following a serious illness”. [1]
Skilled care – “’Higher level’ of care (such as injections, catheterization and dressing changes) provided by trained health professionals, including nurses, doctors and therapists”. [1]
Social care service – “Assistance with the activities of daily life (personal care, domestic maintenance, self-direction) delivered by a personal care helper, home helper or social worker and aimed at supporting older people who experience disabilities in functioning”. [1]
Social support – “Emotional, instrumental and financial assistance obtained from an individual’s social network. Social support provided by family, friends and neighbours is referred to as ‘informal support’, whereas social support provided by formal service agencies is called ‘formal support’”. [1]
Special care unit – “A long-term care facility unit with services specifically for persons with particular diseases, disorders or injuries”. [1]
Substance abuse – It is the “harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs”. [7]
Stress – “Defined as a feeling of tension that can be both emotional and physical; stress is common in those with and without mental illnesses. Emotional stress usually occurs when situations are considered difficult or unmanageable. Therefore, different people consider different situations as stressful. Physical stress refers to a physiological reaction of the body to various triggers”. [2]
Secondary care – “Specialist care provided on an ambulatory or inpatient basis, usually following a referral from primary care”. [1]
Secondary prevention – “Measures that identify and treat asymptomatic persons who have already developed risk factors or preclinical disease, but in whom the condition is not clinically apparent. These activities are focused on early case finding of asymptomatic disease that occurs commonly and has significant risk for negative outcome without treatment”. [1]
Self-care – “Health activities, including promotion, maintenance, treatment, care and health related decision-making, carried out by individuals and families”. [1]
Self-esteem – “A generalised evaluative attitude toward the self, often of one’s own worth, that influences both moods and behaviour. Self-esteem impacts on personal and social behaviours. Many mental health problems are associated with low self-esteem and low confidence”. [2]
Senility – “The generalised characterization of progressive decline in mental or physical functioning as a condition of the ageing process. Within geriatric medicine, this term has limited meaning and has generally been replaced by more specific terminology”. [1]
Short-term aged care – “Involves care designed to improve the physical wellbeing and restore the health of older people to an optimum level following a serious illness”. [1]
Skilled care – “’Higher level’ of care (such as injections, catheterization and dressing changes) provided by trained health professionals, including nurses, doctors and therapists”. [1]
Social care service – “Assistance with the activities of daily life (personal care, domestic maintenance, self-direction) delivered by a personal care helper, home helper or social worker and aimed at supporting older people who experience disabilities in functioning”. [1]
Social support – “Emotional, instrumental and financial assistance obtained from an individual’s social network. Social support provided by family, friends and neighbours is referred to as ‘informal support’, whereas social support provided by formal service agencies is called ‘formal support’”. [1]
Special care unit – “A long-term care facility unit with services specifically for persons with particular diseases, disorders or injuries”. [1]
Substance abuse – It is the “harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs”. [7]
Stress – “Defined as a feeling of tension that can be both emotional and physical; stress is common in those with and without mental illnesses. Emotional stress usually occurs when situations are considered difficult or unmanageable. Therefore, different people consider different situations as stressful. Physical stress refers to a physiological reaction of the body to various triggers”. [2]
T |
Terminal care – “Medical and nursing care of persons in the terminal stage of an illness”. [1]
Tertiary care – “The provision of highly specialised services in ambulatory and hospital settings”. [1]
Tertiary prevention – “A process aimed at limiting the negative effects of an established disease”. [1]
Transgender – “Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. It is sometimes abbreviated to trans”. [3]
Transsexual – “Transsexual experience a gender identity inconsistent or not culturally associated with the sex they were assigned at birth”. [3]
Trauma – “Consequence of an event or a series of events that are too stressful for an individual to bare and therefore threaten the integrity of one’s consciousness”. [2]
Tuberculosis – Is a bacterial, infectious disease that can affect every organ of the human body, despite predominantly affecting the lungs. [11]
Two-Spirit – “Two-Spirit is a modern umbrella term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe gender-variant individuals in their communities, specifically people within indigenous communities who are seen as having both male and female spirits within them”. [3]
Tertiary care – “The provision of highly specialised services in ambulatory and hospital settings”. [1]
Tertiary prevention – “A process aimed at limiting the negative effects of an established disease”. [1]
Transgender – “Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. It is sometimes abbreviated to trans”. [3]
Transsexual – “Transsexual experience a gender identity inconsistent or not culturally associated with the sex they were assigned at birth”. [3]
Trauma – “Consequence of an event or a series of events that are too stressful for an individual to bare and therefore threaten the integrity of one’s consciousness”. [2]
Tuberculosis – Is a bacterial, infectious disease that can affect every organ of the human body, despite predominantly affecting the lungs. [11]
Two-Spirit – “Two-Spirit is a modern umbrella term used by some indigenous North Americans to describe gender-variant individuals in their communities, specifically people within indigenous communities who are seen as having both male and female spirits within them”. [3]
U |
Unit management – “Unit management is a method for managing inmates that emphasizes decentralization and delegates decision-making authority to a unit team. An institution functioning under unit management subdivides its housing areas into two or more units. Each unit houses a subgroup of the institution’s inmate population. The concept of unit management is to place inmates in close physical proximity to staff working with them so that staff and inmates are easily accessible to one another on a daily basis. This proximity enhances the quality of relationships between staff and inmates by providing increased frequency of contact, direct observation of inmate behaviour and potential problems, and increased inmate access to the staff who make primary decisions about them.” [20]
V |
W |
Wellbeing – “A dynamic state of physical, mental and social wellness; a way of life which equips the individual to realise the full potential of his/her capabilities and to overcome and compensate for weaknesses; a lifestyle which recognises the importance of nutrition, physical fitness, stress reduction, and self-responsibility. Well-being has been viewed as the result of four key factors over which an individual has varying degrees of control: human biology, social and physical environment, health care organization (system), and lifestyle”. [1]
Wellness – “Optimal state of health of individuals and groups. There are two focal concerns: the realization of the fullest potential of an individual physically, psychologically, socially, spiritually and economically, and the fulfilment of one’s role expectations in the family, community, place of worship, workplace and other settings”. [11]
Worry – “Repetitive and negative form of thinking that is future oriented. Worrisome thoughts are typical of anxiety disorders”. [2]
Wellness – “Optimal state of health of individuals and groups. There are two focal concerns: the realization of the fullest potential of an individual physically, psychologically, socially, spiritually and economically, and the fulfilment of one’s role expectations in the family, community, place of worship, workplace and other settings”. [11]
Worry – “Repetitive and negative form of thinking that is future oriented. Worrisome thoughts are typical of anxiety disorders”. [2]
X |
Y |
Z |
References
[1] World Health Organization (2004). A glossary of terms for community health care and services for older persons. Kobe: World Health Organization Centre for Health Development.
[2] Mindyourhead (2016). Mental health & mental illness. Glossary of common terminology. Retrieved from http://www.mindyourheadyork.org/what-is-mental-health/glossary/.
[3] What Does LGBTQ+ Mean?. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ok2bme.ca/resources/kids-teens/what-does-lgbtq-mean/
[4] Bick, J. (2007). Infection control in jails and prisons. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 45(8), 1047-1055.
[5] World Health Organization (2007). Health in prisons: A WHO guide to the essentials in prison health. Copenhagen: World Health Organization.
[6] World Health Organization Africa (2017). Communicable Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/communicable-diseases.
[7] Correctional officer. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/correctional-officer.
[8] World Health Organization (2018). Health topics: Substance abuse. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en/.
[9] The Evolution of Prison Design and the Direct Supervision Model (2019). Retrieved from https://www.lexipol.com/resources/blog/the-evolution-of-prison-design-and-the-rise-of-the-direct-supervision-model/
[10] World Health Organization (2018). Mental Disorders. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders.
[11] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC] (2015). Handbook on dynamic security and prison intelligence. Vienna: United Nations Office.
[12] Smith, B., Tang, K., & Nutbeam, D. (2006). Who health promotion glossary: New terms. London: Oxford University Press.
[13] World Health Organization (2018). Hepatitis B. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b.
[14] World Health Organization (2018). Hepatitis C. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c.
[15] World Health Organization (2017). HIV/AIDS: Online Q&A. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/features/qa/71/en/.
[16] World Health Organization (2018). Noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases.
[17] World Health Organization (2012). Oral health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/oral_health/publications/factsheet/en/.
[18] Penal Reform International (2017). Global Prison Trends 2017. London: Penal Reform International.
[19] Center on Addiction (2017). Glossary of Addiction Terms. Retrieved from https://www.centeronaddiction.org/addiction/glossary.
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